3dz+modelling

3dz Linkpoints and "Paste-on" files

(1) The Basics

The ultimate development of the EAW 3dz model is found in the four engine bombers. These aircraft are composed of six different 3dz files, pasted together by hardpoints analogous to the hardpoints that place visible external ordnance.

The six files are:

P????F.3dz which is the central fuselage model to which all other files are attached

P????E.3dz used as the right wing and attached to the element on F.3dz which contains the code 28 hardpoint

P????G.3dz used as the left wing and attached using code 29

P????A.3dz used as a turret and attached using code 25

P????B.3dz used as a turret and attached using code 26

P????C.3dz used for the nose art panel and attached using code 27.

What use is this? This scheme can actually be used for any plane, and the paste on files can be anything you want to paste the basic model, thus escaping the 255 element limit. Each paste-on file can have its own up to 255 elements. The basic requirements are that to use the A, B, and C files, you must already be using E, F, and G.

You can add the coded hardpoints to other elements in the usual way EAW engineers have added weapons stations hardpoints, or it may be that in a particular model, it is better to set them up in their own element. The crucial consideration here will be how the rendering sequence will work out.

Basic single engine planes in EAW use only the F.3dz file for the whole model. To paste items on such a plane, you should therefore use E.3dz and G.3dz first, if only as "ghost" (very small effectively invisible) files and then A.3dz. B.3dz, and C.3dz if required.

Two engine planes in EAW use the F.3dz and G.3dz files to form two halves of the plane. In the default setup these two files do not require a linking hardpoint. EAW simply recognises that the two files are present and treats them accordingly. This fact was used originally to make non-mirrored versions of single engine planes, and as Captain Kurt noted in a post on SimHG, in can be used to get single engine planes to work in two engine slots.

To use the other paste-on files in two engine models however, it is first necessary to link the F.3dz and G.3dz by means of a code 29 hardpoint on the F.3dz, and then use E.3dz linked by a code 28 hardpoint. You can then use the other paste-on files A, B, and C.3dz anywhere on the model.

Pending new utilities which may provide automatic recalculation of the rendering sequence, RS problems are the only serious difficulty in using paste-on files. The problems can be overcome. When creating the Firm's A26 Invader model, I transformed it into an effective six file model. I first joined F.3dz and G.3dz with a code 29 hardpoint which I put at the dead centre of the F.3dz, coordinates 0/0/0, as a new element. Getting rendering problems which prevented the G.3dz side of the plane from displaying, I tried a number of possible soloutions, but in the end the one which got the G.3dz half of the model to appear, was to put the new element 224 at the root of the sequence in the F.3dz, displacing the previous root element (52) to second place in the tree, although to a newly created line at the end of the sequence as set out in the converter text dump ...

[SEQUENCE] S000= 224 0 255 S001= 19 255 S002= 6 16 4 255 S003= 2 7 255 255 S004= 57 255 S005= 53 255 255 255 S006= 5 255 S007= 10 255 S008= 11 255 S009= 30 13 3 195 255 S010= 56 155 255
 * S000= code endcode

S142= 218 255 S143= 219 255 S144= 220 255 S145= 221 255 S146= 222 255 S147= 223 255 S148= 1 S149= 52 255 [END]

Although this was an educated guess, placing the new pointpoint in this position worked fine, and both halves of the plane displayed.

(2) Applications - Additions to aircraft models

On The Firm's Defiant these paste on items were used to add the turret, the forward radiator, and the retractable aerials on the undersurface of the plane. On Charles Gunst's IL2, the paste-on files were used to form the wing nacelles, and on his Rufe, were used to form the floats.



In Captain Kurt's I-15 bis a paste-on file was used to form the upper wing





Charles Gunst's Rufe uses paste-on files to make the floats - his IL2 uses paste-on files to form the wing nacelles





The Firm's Invader uses all available stick-on files to create dorsal and ventral turrets, DF loop aerial and the radio masts and wires

The Firm's Defiant uses paste-on files to create the turret, the lower radiator, the lower radio masts and wires, and the radar aerial

(3) New High Resoloution Aircraft Models



One of the applications of using all of the available parts of the EAW aircraft model opened up the prospect of new fighter models using several instead of one, skinfile, and there achieving a high resoloution effect without breaking the 256x256 skinfile limit. I posted this basic illustration of the possibilities in October 2001, showing a spitfire model made not from one 3dz file, but from three 3dz files, and using different skinfiles for the fuselage, the port wing and the starboard wing. To produce completed models would obviously take a great deal of work, but members of the EAW community were up for that.



The first fully realised EAW hires model was Chompy's wonderful P51, where A.3dz and B.3dz form the two sides of the tail and rear fuselage, C.3dz forms the cockpit and associated parts of the fuselage, F.3dz forms the forward fuselage, and E.3dz and G.3dz form the port and starnoard wings. Each of these files is able to have its own skinfile, solving all mirroring problems. The onlt limitation is that all transparent elements must use the main TEX skinfile, as within the EAW model, only the main TEX skinfile for any slot can have the transparency enabling TRA file.

3dz codes - Making things change in EAW models

EAW allows for visible changes in 3d models via a series of codes attached to the relevant elements in the 3dz file. These codes work by allowing the element to be drawn if one situation applies, and not allowing the element to be drawn if another situation applies. Take for example the situation whereby once your wings have taken a certain level of damage, they fall off your plane. I know, it doesn't happen to you. To me it happens a lot!

Here is part of a converter text dump which includes three elements prefaced by the codes which denote a detachable wing:

E056= 5 3 84 154 137 32 188 140 30 188 99 0 86 255 E057= 5 3 84 154 137 30 188 99 79 161 99 0 86 255 E058= 148 0 5 4 87 86 20 86 86 38 93 183 38 94 183 34 0 121 255 E059= 148 0 5 3 86 86 38 90 86 68 92 183 54 0 125 255 E060= 148 0 5 3 86 86 38 92 183 54 93 183 38 0 125 255

EAW manages this situation by giving every element within the detachable part of the wing a code - "148" - actually "148 1" in the main aircraft models. This means the wing will be visible untill the damage points accumulate to a critical number. When that critical number is reached the 148 code in effect switches off those wing elements and the wing disappears from your plane. Where does it go? In that plane slot there are also detachable wing models L.3dz and R.3dz for your right and left wings. The elements in these models are coded "148 0". This means they begin invisible. These elements are not drawn until the critical damage level is reached. When it is, these elements are switched on, the torn off wing becomes visible (at the instant the wing on your plane disappears) and begins its fall to earth.

EAW manages many situations like this - props still or rotating, wheels up or down, pilot alive and well or injured. This is the list of codes I put together with the help of the SimHQ EAW forum:

136 - 139 (0-1) used to show changes in weapons stations during firing of ordnance (rockets in particular)

140 - 143 (0-2) used for propellor blades, still (single blades), software rendering PAW type lines, or full 3d turning (triangular sections)

[144 appears to have been intended to be used for paste-on gun packs, but not actually used]

145 (0-1) used for central fuselage undercarriage elements (wheels and doors) extended or retracted

146 (0-1) used to show pilot uninjured or injured (used for both pilot and shattered glass in cockpit canopy)

147 (0-3) cycles through engine exhaust panels when engine on. Only used in the V1 slot

148 - 149 (0-1) used for the tear-off left and right wing elements undamaged or damaged and etched

[150 appears to have intended to be used in PAW for moveable elevators, but not actually used]

151 - 152 (0-1) used for left and right wing undervarriage elements (wheels and doors) extended or retracted

153 (0-17) used in the B17 and B24 slots for the random sequence nose art panels

Note that codes 153-158 were used in the EAW demo to create gunflashes. Unfortunately these were left out of the final build.

The useful thing about these codes is that you can use them for other purposes. Cockpit covers which and close when the engine starts, landing lights which go on when the wheels are lowered and off when they are raised and so on.





The Firm's Defiant uses the undercarriage codes also to retract the turret fairing, lower the rear radio mast, and turn off the landing lights

Surviving rendering sequence problems

That is without doing severe violence to your computer!

The 3dz Rendering Sequence is undoubtedly the most complicated and infuriating thing you ever tackle in editing EAW 3d models, and pending the new utilities Alessandro Borges is planning, it seems there are no easy shortcuts to significant RS problems. It takes work and patience. I have little of the latter and working with the RS is a chastening experience.

The best explanation I ever had of the way in which the RS actually works, came inevitably from Paulo Morais, and this is it, which I'm sure he won't mind me reproducing:

"The base idea of the BSP trees in EAW context is to subdivide the space around the model in cells. The walls of the cells are made of infinite planes that are coincident with the polygons that make the model. Ex: one of the vertical tail elements (doesn't matter which one) of an aircraft can be used to define a plane that slices the entire model in two. Now lets say that this element is the one that is visible when looking from the left. You may say that half of the remaining model elements are above(or in front) when they rest to the left of it and the others are below (or to the back) of it. Next you can choose one of the two new groups and select one the elements in the selected group to slice the group in two. Repeat until you end with individual elements. The final result can be compared with a tree with the first slicing element as the root. The end of each branch only contains empty space. EAW represents the tree by a sequence of pairs of numbers, the so called rendering sequence table. The number of pairs stored is the same as the number of elements plus one (the starting pair). This pair is the first one in the table and for this we should give it a special name (ISTR). ISTR points to the first slicing element by referencing is number inside the file. The second number of the pair is arbitrary (its unused in this pair). I will present a arbitrary example:

ISTR 3 0

I000 2 255

I001 255 255

I002 255 1

I003 0 255

The first column was added to address each pair. Inside a 3DZ you will only find the numbers to the right sequentially. Lets start reading the table:

ISTR says element 3 is the first slicer of model space. You must go to I003.

I003 says element 0 is above me; no element is below me (255 is a end of sequence, same as empty space). Go I000.

I000 says element 2 is above me; no element below. Go I002.

I002 says no element above me; element 1 is below. Go I001.

I001 says no one is above or below me. End of sequence.

The above is a very simple BSP tree. You can have elements with above and below elements at the same time. You can see them as a branching point in a tree. Anyway, this doesn't matter, all is the same as before. The only problem is that you need to track down more sequences at the same time. Now things are starting to get ugly. You must find how your misplaced elements relates with is neighbours both in terms of 3D and in terms of BSP tree and create if possible a mental image of it. I am not joking, with a lot of practice you can start to get the hang of it and start predicting which are the slicing elements by simply looking into the 3D model. Now a set of rules or normal causes of problems. Elements can't be sliced for real by the current slicing plane. All elements that remain to be classified (or placed in the BSP tree) must be entirely to left, or to the right of it. Another possibility is for a element to share the same slicing plane. In that case you get the compound elements like stoped, animated, old-style line propellor blades. Elements must be flat. If due to editing a element with more than three nodes gets non-flat it will intercept its own slicing plane. In those cases the only solution is to break the element into smaller flat pieces and find the right places in the BSP tree for all of them. Almost forgot the mathematical definition of the slicing planes for each element is stored in what is called the normals section. The data there contains the 4 constants that define a plane in space (plus a object identifier). The three normal vector components and a offset term.

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

where A B C are the normal vector components and D is the offset.

By replacing the coordinates of a point into the above equation you can get 0 for a inplane point, a positive number for a point 'above' the plane and a negative number for a point below. The absolute value gives a measure of the distance to the plane. By testing all the nodes of a given polygon with above equation for the current slicing plane you can mathematically determine if it is above, below, crossing(bad) or in the same plane."

Now I can't say I understood all of that, I have no training in computers, and even less in computer 3d graphics, but Paulo's example gave me a rough sort of mental picture of how the thing worked, and in dealing with the RS problems I had - I thought the best way to proceed was to draw out the whole BSP tree, and see where each group of elements was in relation to the rest - if the RS was displaying the wrong element in front, I needed to know where both elements were in the overall scheme in order to see if there was anything I could do about it.

So this is "The Invader Story ..."

The important thing I got from Paulo's explanation, and particularly from Paulo's small example tree, is that if you look at the rendering sequence in the 3dz file, it is arranged as follows: two bytes for the "root" and then two bytes for each element. Each of those bytes has two purposes (1) it contains the element number being rendered at that position, and (2) it refers you to the next position(s) in the RS table. The relative position of the numbers lets you know which element is in front and which behind. The 255 terminators tell you there are no more elements in that position, and the double 255 says no more elements in front or behind therefore the end of a branch.

The problem with the invader is clear in this picture:



Editing the Invader caused a major glitch in a basic part of the rendering sequence

It resulted from pulling the engine nacelles in the original B26 wireframe, rather dramatically forward to get the characteristic Invader shape. I thought the best thing to do to make it clearer was to take the RS section from the converter dump and see if I could write out the whole BSP tree for the invader F.3dz file. Now in the converter dump the sequence looks like this .....

[SEQUENCE] S000= 52 0 255 S001= 19 255 S002= 6 16 4 255 S003= 2 7 255 255 S004= 57 255 S005= 53 255 255 255 S006= 5 255 S007= 10 255 S008= 11 255 S009= 30 13 3 195 255 S010= 56 155 255 etc etc ... [END]
 * S000= code endcode

...but like this it isn't the most helpful form for my purpose. I thought it would be more useful if it could be seen in the form it actually appears in the 3dz file, i.e. with the root and two bytes for each element. So I got rid of the S numbers, and put in a new "position number" for each two byte section and keeping the correct sequence of element numbers and 255 terminators, I got this:

[MOGGY'S REFORMATTED SEQUENCE] ROOT: 52 0 000: 255 19 001: 255 6 002: 16 4 003: 255 2 004: 7 255 005: 255 57 006: 255 53 007: 255 255 008: 255 5 009: 255 10 010: 255 11 011: 255 30 012: 13 3 013: 195 255 014: 56 155 015: 255 28 etc etc ...

Here, the first two byte section is the root (actually the tail fin) and the table proper starts with section 000 as in Paulo's small example. You can now follow the sequence as in Paulo's note: the root is element 52. You forget the "0" in the root, which is just a placeholder. The root means element 52 is drawn first, and it begins the sequence by referencing position 52. At position 52 we have element 58, so element 58 is drawn next, and it references position 58. At position 58 we have element 59, so element 59 is drawn next, and it references position 59 ... and so on. Note that at this stage each position contains one element number and a 255 terminator, so we are going straight up the tree from the root with no branches developing. Note also the relative position of the element number and the 255 terminator is telling us whether the next element to be drawn is behind or in front

Following the tree as above we finally get to position 14. This contains two element numbers and no 255 terminator, so here we have the first branching to positions 56 and 155, and each of them continues the sequence separately. Sooner or later in every branch you get to a position which contains two 255 terminators - no more elements in front or behind, and that is the end of the branch.

Here's a scan of part of the tree as I drew it up for the first time - sorry this is a typical Moggy "back of an envelope" job.





Moggy's sophisticated analysis techniques :)

At the top you can see the root 52, and the main stem following the sequence down to position 14 where the first branching takes place. Ignore the parallel column in pencil, those are the numbers for the G.3dz file.

This scan of the tree shows you my problem. The cockpit and associated fuselage elements doing the overlapping are those circled in green further down - 6, 8 ,19, 17, 18 and 20. The engine nacelle elements are on the other branch starting with 63. If you look at the second scan you can see that the other engine nacelle elements being overlapped 69, 68, 67, and 71 follow down the other branch. As Paulo spotted, the engine face 63 is right at the split of a significant branch and system of branches of the tree. Moving the elements did not seem to be a realistic proposition. It would involve an enormous amount of work, and essentially rewriting a major section of the tree. That was certainly beyond what I could do. However, it did occur to me that there might be another, if less elegant solution.What if the engine nacelle elements were copied and those copies treated essentially as new elements?

(1) they could be rendered on screen for a second time (in exactly the same place) so that they were not overlapped by the cockpit/fuselage elements,

(2) the original nacelle elements could be left in their original place, and no disruption to that part of the tree would be caused

This is what I did. I copied the elements 63, 67, 68, 69, and 71 and made "new" elements 200-204. These were added to the element table in the converter dump. However, in order to do the job properly it was necessary to do the same thing with the prop and spinner elements 130-35, 175-80, 164 and 126-129 which were also being overlapped, so I created "new" (=copied) elements for those as well. Having created these "new" elements, I adjusted the number of elements at the head of the converter file, and also copied the normal sections using the new element numbers.

The next part is the trickiest - finding the right place in the BSP tree to insert these new elements. As the highest (= nearest the root) element causing the problem was 6, I chose to insert the new elements at the position above that. If you look at the first scan of the tree you see that the position above element 6 is position 129, which contains element 1 and a 255 terminator. I then looked for element 1 in the original converter RS dump:

S076= 187 255 255 S077= 127 255 S078= 128 255 S079= 164 1 255 S080= 132 255 S081= 133 126 134 255 S082= 135 255

and it was at converter line S079. I replaced element 1 in the converter dump with the first new element 200 as follows:

S076= 187 255 255 S077= 127 255 S078= 128 255 S079= 164 200 255 S080= 132 255 S081= 133 126 134 255 S082= 135 255

That new element then references a new position - 200 which does not yet exist. Remember you have to have the same number of positions in the sequence (plus the root) as you have elements. This is clearer if you look at it from the point of view of my reformatted sequence table. Position 129 now contains element 200. So it renders that element and then references position 200 which must now be created right at the end of the sequence.

[MOGGY'S REFORMATTED SEQUENCE] ROOT: 52 0 000: 255 19 001: 255 6 002: 16 4

126: 255 127 127: 255 128 128: 255 164 129: 200 255 130: 132 255 131: 133 126 132: 134 255

197: 23 255 198: 140 255 199: 79 255 200: ........... [END]

To accommodate all the new elements a chain of new positions is created. Position 200 renders element 201 and references position 201, position 201 renders element 202 and references position 202 and so on ..... and in the original converter format they look like this, tacked on the end of the sequence.

[SEQUENCE] S000= 52 0 255 S001= 19 255 S002= 6 16 4 255
 * S000= code endcode

etc

S125= 201 255 S126= 202 255 S127= 203 255 S128= 204 255 S129= 205 255 S130= 206 255 S131= 207 255 S132= 208 255 S133= 209 255 S134= 210 255 S135= 211 255 S136= 212 255 S137= 213 255 S138= 214 255 S139= 215 255 S140= 216 255 S141= 217 255 S142= 218 255 S143= 219 255 S144= 220 255 S145= 221 255 S146= 222 255 S147= 223 255 S148= 1 [END]

The final line here refers the sequence back to element 1, so the sequence can continue where it left off.

I had to experiment with the final line. By my reckoning it ought to be the same as the original "1 255" I displaced, and that's what I put in and indeed when I converted the file it worked to my great pleasure and not a little surprise. However, when I converted the file back to text for further work, the final line was as shown, and it might be I had one too many 255's! Well there it is. More bodge than anything else, but the advantage is that it worked!



Duplicating the engine nacelle and associated elements elsewhere in the sequence solved the problem

I have subsequently used this method of duplicating overwritten elements in anumber of planes including the Defiant, and the Halifax. One problem in particular that it has been helpful in solving is the situation which arises when weapons station hardpoints are installed on a plane which has not previously had hardpoints, and there are rendering problems when the visible ordnance extends across several wing elements. The ordnance may show against some elements but not others. The ordnance may show through the wing and be visible from above.



The Firm's Free French Ju88 shows the ordnance rendering problem - the Midway PBY shows the problem solved

I first had the former problem in putting the jury rigged torpedo on the Midway PBY. It was solved by duplicating the wing element carrying the hardpoint at a superior point in the sequence. The element was being drawn two or sometimes three times (in effect different parts of the ordnance were being drawn with each duplication) but this extra claim on system resources is nothing to modern systems or video cards, and the player will only see a properly drawn element.

(5) VCG_????.dat

Places the needles for the working guages in the 3d cockpits

So far I have established a basic idea of the form of the vcg file. All the vcg files are the same length, but deal with varying numbers of instruments. The file is in three parts:

(1) a four byte header, the first byte of which tells you how many instrument chunks are in the file (spit09 has 0f=15, p38j has 13=19)

(2) a maximum of 20 x 12 byte chunks which I assume are the data for each individual readable instrument. The instrument chunks are in this form:

24 04 00 df 00 1d 00 00 00 00 00 f5 00 (the third instrument in vcg_sp09.dat)

The first byte of each chunk is I think the code for the instrument type. Experimentation (setting all values to 00) shows that "04" is the rev counter, for the only or the left engine, "05" is the rev counter for engine no.2 on the right. vcg_sp09.dat has an "04" chunk for its single rev counter, but not an "05" chunk. vcg_p38j.dat has both "04" and "05" chunks both rev counters.

(3) a 32 byte tailpiece. At the moment I cannot interpret this at all.